70 A well-known example is the Dicke state, 7 which is a coherent collection of multiple atoms acting collectively as one large atom. 6 Behaviors of many-body systems cannot always be explained by simply extrapolating properties of individual particles, and collective many-body states of multiple particles must be considered. Many-body physics plays an important role in various systems, such as cold atoms/molecules, 1,2 optical atomic clocks, 3,4 semiconductors, 5 and photosynthesis. The technique of optical 2DCS can provide a new approach to study many-body physics in atomic ensembles and can be potentially implemented to measure many-body effects in cold atoms and other atomic/molecular systems. The results show that double-quantum 2DCS provides sensitive and background-free detection of weak dipole–dipole interaction between atoms with a mean separation up to about 16 μm, and multi-quantum 2DCS can excite and detect multi-atom states (Dicke states) with up to eight correlated atoms. Here, we present the study of many-body dipole–dipole interactions and correlations in potassium and rubidium atomic vapors by using double-quantum and multi-quantum 2DCS. Optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) provides a powerful tool to measure many-body interactions and correlations. Many-body interactions and correlations in atomic ensembles are fundamental in understanding many-body effects such as collective and emergent phenomena and also play an important role in various atom-based applications.
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